Impacts of Globalization on the Labour Market in Great Britain Free Essay Example, 6750 words

Globalization has become the centre and the primary the very influential consideration in United Kingdom s trade and bargain system with other states or countries. UK government depends on the unyielding interface of markets, countries, technologies, and capital in a much cheaper and faster rate that globalization brings. Thus, United Kingdom plays a role of crucial importance in the world s globalization thrust being one of the world s biggest capitalist magnates. This is the reason why the British government has been one of the most active states to the different world trade meetings, conferences, and conventions. Just recently, the UK government announce its more active involvement with the European Union, World Trade Organization (WTO), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the G20 as part of its strategy for strengthening the multilateral trading system3. Being one of the most open economies in the world, United Kingdom calls for a strong, sustainabl e and open economy that would benefit business domestically and internationally. UK recognizes the significant impact of globalization in its economy4. Albeit criticisms and pessimist perceptions on the effects of an all-out open economy, the government of the United Kingdom pursues the direction of globalization as its economic agenda. We will write a custom essay sample on Impacts of Globalization on the Labour Market in Great Britain or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page In 2009, the UK was not spared from the global economic crisis. UK government formally acknowledged that the United Kingdom was in recession for the first time in more than a decade5. Recession begun in the last quarter of 2008 and unemployment rate increased.

Kantian Ethics And Utilitarianism Are At Variance On...

Kantian ethics and utilitarianism are at variance on issues of morality and do share a similar end goal on what general ethical outcomes in solving the ills of the world. These two philosophical thoughts examine nature of morality with variant theories. As Kantian ethics are based on the theories propagated by German philosopher Immanuel Kant, utilitarianism on the other hand as has been projected by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mills and many others who share in this school of thought. In this essay, I am going to examine these two contrasting views and provides responses to each objection as provided by their ethos. I will also draw some parallels as identified and make an assessment based on my personal preference. For all their†¦show more content†¦Immanuel Kant will argue that the man should not steal the medicine under any circumstances as stealing is an immoral act and does not meet universal applicability or maxim, hence the child should be allowed to die as the at tempt to save him will result in an immoral act. He further urges that, when stealing the medicine was to become a maxim, many people will result in stealing medicine during an ailment and scientist will not get the needed fund to aid research and produce more medication to serve the needs of more people. We can then contrast that to the view of a utilitarian who will argue for the drugs to be stolen to save the child, which its outcome will produce the higher amount of good for most people as the child will be saved and the pharmacist will only suffer minimal profit loss. Kantians offer a further rebuttal to the position of the utilitarian that there is more to happiness to morality than trying to maximise happiness. Essentially, consequences are negative criteria for morality since they cannot be controlled and happiness is also a negative criterion for morality since some action that leads to happiness cannot necessary means the action is a just. This example as illustrated, point to two distinct arrays, means, and outcomes. Whiles Kant’s reasons are based on how an action is carried out, utilitarian looks at theShow MoreRelatedVirtue Ethics Application to Business Ethics Essay1554 Words   |  7 PagesVirtue Ethics Application to Business Ethics As with all forms of ethics, whilst written about in a general sense the ethical thought appear a feasible process and an appropriate way to act and behave, it however needs to stand up against certain moral issues to ‘test’ its fallibility. Business ethics would be one such example. Aristotle, the farther of virtue ethics felt community care is the reason for the market system. A business would be selfless economic Read MoreEthics and Moral Theory3716 Words   |  15 PagesThe words moral and ethics (and cognates) are often used interchangeably. However, it is useful to make the following distinction: Morality  is the system through which we determine right and wrong conduct -- i.e., the guide to good or right conduct. Ethics  is the philosophical study of Morality. What, then, is a moral theory? A theory is a structured set of statements used to explain (or predict) a set of facts or concepts.à  A moral theory, then, explains why a certain action is wrong -- orRead MoreBioethics And The Rest Of Us1982 Words   |  8 PagesBioethics and the rest of us What is Ethics? According to Encyclopaedia Britannica, it is a systematic study of what is right and wrong. This definition refers to the prehistoric times when men received laws in supernatural circumstances, like the code of Hammurabi and the Ten Commandments. They contained moral codes on human relationship. What is Bioethics? The term bioethics which has a Greek etymology, Bio-origin and Ethos –behaviour was coined in 1926 by Fritz Jahr, a German Protestant theologianRead MoreEntertainment Media Ethics : Music And Music Videos8248 Words   |  33 PagesENTERTAINMENT MEDIA ETHICS: MUSIC AND MUSIC VIDEOS SECTION ONE: INTRODUCTION Music is an important part of life. Its role as a form of art and entertainment is a significant one but more important is that it serves to reflect and reinforce societal norms and values. It is not only used to entertain but also serves as a form of social commentary (Baran, 2009). For instance, the emergence of Rhythm and Blues (RB) in America after the Second World War was a means of advancing the black race and it

The Unrestrained Ownership Gun Voilence

Question: Describe about The Unrestrained Ownership for Gun Voilence. Answer: Response Essay Gun violence has gradually evolved into a menace that has subjected the American populace to utter distress, chaos, and confusion. The unrestrained ownership of gun and its resultant negative implications have put the American societys well-being at stake. But despite of the ill-effects of uncontrolled ownership and use of gun, the opinions of the American populace on this issue is starkly divided. For some, gun control through the enactment of stringent rules, regulations, and legislations is the need of the hour, but for some, gun control policies are antithesis to the rights that have been provided to the American citizens by the U.S. Constitution. But whatever might be the debate, it must be argued that, in order to ensure the safety and security of the American citizenry, implementation of stringent gun control policies is imperative. Emphasizing the two sides of the debate on gun control, firstly, one may cite the argument made in the article, Trust the People: The Case against Gun Control, in which Kopel (1988) has suggested that, gun control is actually based on the faulty notion that majority of American citizens are devoid of self-control, and hence, they are prone to misuse of guns. Moreover, Kopel (1988) also argued that, Only through the blatant abrogation of explicit constitutional rights is gun control even possible. So it can be seen that if Kopels argument is to be supported then it has to be believed that gun control is synonymous to infringement of individual rights. But this is not the case, and witnessing the chain of mass shootings, majority of common Americans must admit that it is the unrestrained ownership and use of gun which has turned the nation into a living hell. Observing the YouTube video, Gun Control Advocates Sit With Gun Rights Supporters | Breaking Bread, that one may actually unders tand how the lack of proper gun control measure is continuing to contribute to the heinous acts that are subjecting innocents to untimely death. The tragedy of Newton Connecticut elementary school mass shooting should remind the nation again and again that a potential weapon of mass killing is wrongly placed at the wrong hands (Fusion, n.d.). Though it is a truth that gun does not kill people, but people do (Johnson, 2013); it is also a truth that if guns were not so much readily available, some people would not have the means to accomplish their anti-social and perverted objectives (DeFilippis, 2013). If checks and balances are not put in action right now, it would be too late for the nations government to prevent another incident of mass shooting from occurring. In the concerned YouTube video, Po Murray, the Chairman of Newton Action Alliance, rightly pointed out that, One assault rifle in Orlando took down 49 people plus injured 53 more (Fusion, n.d.), and such a statistics point towards the fact that if gun control laws are not enacted in a stricter manner, more guns would be in the wrong hands, and the number of victims will continue to multiply. Hence, considering such figures, it is essential for the government to enact stringent gun control laws with complete support from the American populace. In conclusion, the American populace on the issue of gun control is starkly divided. For some, gun control through the enactment of stringent rules, regulations, and legislations is the need of the hour, but for some, gun control policies are antithesis to the rights that have been provided to the American citizens by the U.S. Constitution. But whatever might be the debate, it must be argued that, in order to ensure the safety and security of the American citizenry, implementation of stringent gun control policies is imperative. References DeFilippis, E. (2013). Debunking the Guns Dont Kill People, People Kill People Myth. Armed With Reason. Retrieved November 26, 2016, from https://www.armedwithreason.com/debunking-the-guns-dont-kill-people-people-kill-people-myth/ Johnson, D.K. (2013). Guns Dont Kill People, People Do? Psychology Today. Retrieved November 26, 2016, from https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/logical-take/201302/guns-don-t-kill-people-people-do Kopel, D.B. (1988). Trust the People: The Case against Gun Control. CATO Institute. Retrieved November 26, 2015, from https://www.cato.org/publications/policy-analysis/trust-people-case-against-gun-control Fusion (n.d.). Gun Control Advocates Sit With Gun Rights Supporters | Breaking Bread. YouTube. Retrieved November 26, 2016, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=urSxbziLqpI

John C. Calhouns Stance On Southern Succession Essays -

John C. Calhoun's Stance On Southern Succession In 1828 John C. Calhoun had begun the protracted Nullification Crisis by asserting the constitutional right of states to nullify national laws that were harmful to their interests. Calhoun argued , as others have since, that the states' rights doctorine protected the legitimate rights of a minority in a democratric system governed by majoruty rule. In 1847, Calhoun responded to the 1846 Wilmont Proviso with an elaboration of the states' rights argument. In spite of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 and the Missourri Compromise, Calhoun argued that Congress did not have a constitutional right to prohibit slavery in the territories. The territories, he said, were the common property of all the states, north and south, and Congress could not discriminate against slave owners as they moved west. On the contrary, Calhoun argued, slave owners had a constitutional right to the protection of their property wherever they moved. Of course, Calhoun's legally correct description of African America n slaves as property enraged abolitionists. But on behalf of the South, Calhoun was expressing the belief-and the fear-that his interpretation of the Constitution was the only protection for slave owners, whose right to own slaves (a fundemantal right in southern eyes) was being attacked. Calhoun's position on the territories quickly became southern dogma: anything less than full access to the territories was unconstitutional. lavery, Calhoun and other Southerners insisted, had to be national. History Essays

Portfolios And Standardized Tests - Pros And Cons Essays

Portfolios And Standardized Tests - Pros And Cons Portfolios and standardized tests are two types of ways teachers can assess their students. There are many advantages and disadvantages to both assessments. Right now, whether teachers agree with standardized tests or not, all teachers have to give them to their students. Portfolios on the other hand, are not required in a classroom, because it is not a required assessment for all teachers to use. Portfolios are folders that hold students works in any or all subjects that teachers choose to use them for. They hold all different types of work a student creates. It has A work to work that needs more improvement on inside the folders. The students choose what goes in their portfolio, not the teacher. Standardized tests are tests administered to each student at the same time. They have a time limit to them and their test scores are based on the norm. Much of school-based assessment does actually prevent students from becoming thoughtful respondents to, and to be able to judge their own work. Portfolios help students learn to assess their own progress as learners, and teachers gain new views of their accomplishments in teaching. They also give students responsibility for taking the lead in evaluating their own work, enlarging the view of what is learned, a place for process and a developmental point of view. Some important things that matter when dealing with portfolios is a student's performance on the kind of skills that appear on tests, that first-draft work is good enough and achievement matters to the exclusion of development. There are centrally two aims that teachers have for student portfolios. The first is to design ways of evaluating student learning that, will be essentially providing information to teachers and school systems, it will also model personal responsibility in questioning and reflecting on one's own work. The second is to find ways of capturing growth over time so that students can become informed and thoughtful assessors of their own histories as learners. What teachers have students do is at the end of the school year, is let the student go back inside their portfolio and reflect on their own work. The students return to their portfolios or collections of work, and see what has changed from the beginning of the school year or what still remains to be done or worked on. This gives students a responsibility, because they are responsible for evaluating their own work. Authentic or performance assessments do provide opportunities for students and teachers to learn, often together, about the standards of good work with respect to more valued outcomes. Each student is often incorporated in as an active agent in the evaluative process, not as an object to be evaluated. The portfolio activity is a process of production, perception, selection, and reflection that is exercised by each student over his or her collections of school work. Portfolios even provide a school district with a level of achievement. Portfolios are profoundly important to children. All children have a natural ability and desire to tell a story through the contents of the portfolio. Student portfolios tell a story. The real contents of a portfolio are the child's thoughts and his or her reasons for selecting a particular entry. That selection process reflects the interests and the metacognitive maturity of a child and the inspiration and influence offered by the teachers. Portfolios serve as a metaphor for our continued belief in the idea that children can play a major role in the assessment scene of their own learning. Using an authentic assessment tool could provide a more realistic picture of each student's individual subject achievement and progress by demonstrating growth and development over a period of time, involving students in assessing their own growth and reflecting many aspects of students area of knowledge and understanding. Portfolios provide teachers with information about students' progress, thought processes, achievements and needs. They should accommodate teachers' and students' individual needs, while allowing students to take an active role in assessing their work and encouraging them to take responsibility for their own learning. Students should begin to set goals for themselves and check their progress toward reaching these goals. This will help promote self-esteem. Students and teachers

The Democratic System essays

The Democratic System essays The democratic political system has proved to be one of the best systems of government of all time. In a democratic system of government the majority rule is how decisions are reached. Usually with a vote from a group of people whether it be the elected officials in office, or the lower ranking registered voters. Special interest groups are constantly approaching the democratic political system. These groups consist of people that share the same views on a certain issue. They try to push their cause and convince elected government officials to support them. The United States is considered to be a highly organized technological society. Thanks to the massive amount of industry it has. The United States is very diverse with cultural, economic, educational, ethnic, and religious backgrounds of people. Since there is so much diversity special interest groups tend to form because of this. It is said that the United States is often a pluralist democracy according to theorists at David Trumans school. So many special interest groups are protesting their views, but wont be heard because of the large number of groups. So the government policy is the result of competition among the groups, which represent the varied interests of the people. The middle or upper class dominates these rival pressure groups, and group activities are dominated by people with business-related interests. What about the lower class? The middle and upper class rule the interest groups and the lower class have relatively little voice. The lower class is more likely to la sh out explosively rather than organizing peacefully. So much grievances have built up in the lower class that a reasonable approach is out of the question. Do special interest groups obstruct the principle of majority rule in a democratic political system? It is safe to say that interest groups do have pull in how decisions are made in government. They voice their opinion an...

Psychological and Social Factors in Informed Consent for Patients with Case Study

Psychological and Social Factors in Informed Consent for Patients with Autism - Case Study Example (2011) examined the levels of understanding and perceptions on the need to conduct randomized controlled trials among professionals, users and care givers concerned with provision of intellectual care, including care for autism cases. There was poor understanding of the principles attributable to randomized controlled trials among care givers and users, but understanding was higher among professionals. The authors noted that lack of understanding has negative implications on social validity of random controlled trials. Chen, Xu, Huang and Dhar (2013) conducted research into the levels of awareness, attitudes and experiences among a sample that comprised parents of children who were undergoing genetic testing owing to their condition. More participants were in support of genetic testing research, mainly citing early intervention and motivation, identification of the causes of the condition, and family planning as their motivations. Competence of medical staff handling the tests was highlighted as a major concern among participating parents. Minority groups in the sampled population appeared to have lesser understanding of the importance of the procedure. At the psychological level, researchers are encouraged to learn the needs of such individuals to encourage their participation. Chen, L., Xu, L., Huang, T. & Dhar, S. U. (2013). Autism genetic testing: A qualitative study of awareness, attitudes, and experiences among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder. Genetics in Medicine. 15(4): 274-281. Robotham, D., King, M., Canagasabey, A., Inchley-Mort, S. & Hassiotis, A. (2011). Social validity of randomized controlled trials in health services research and intellectual disabilities: A qualitative exploration of stakeholder views. Trials. 12:

Art and the Emergence of Darwinism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Art and the Emergence of Darwinism - Essay Example Although the ideas of Darwinism were brought up in a deeply religious environment, it came to coexist side by side with the religious community. In fact, Darwinism might have been the reason behind the increase in European missionary activities not only in Africa but in Asia, because it may have given rise to the belief that since the Europeans were superior, then their religion must also be superior (Rose 297). The idea of European supremacy took hold in Europe and it emerged in the literature that was written in that period where Europeans featured as heroes while members of other races were perceived to be the villains or inferior in both physique and intellect (Day 59). Such writings continued to have an influence on the perceptions of not only the Europeans themselves, but also on the members of the other racial groups. Therefore, it can be said that Darwin’s theory came to influence the society of the nineteenth century and has continued to do so even

Public health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Public health - Essay Example As such, they must also be addressed on a regional level and it appropriately becomes the function of the government to take adequate measures to control the outbreak of infectious diseases. The utility of such integrated approached have been demonstrated many time before. The reduction of typhoid incidences in nineteenth century France have been attributed to improved sanitation facilities (Woods, 2003), and the prolonged vector breeding and parasite transmission reduction programs have been responsible for the remarkable reduction of malaria in South America, Central America and many Asian countries. Johansson and Mosk (1997) have detailed the impact of public health interventions on adult mortality rates in Japan. The choice of India for the evaluation of it’s communicate disease and emergency control facilities is justified both by the size of her population as well as the emerging role that she is destined to play in the socio political activities of the future. India is endowed with immense resources – mineral, natural, cultural as well as in terms of trained and untrained manpower. The administrative capacity of Indian Government is considerable. Within a span of fifty years from her Independence, the nation has exponentiated its agricultural production, dampened surging growth rates and successfully withstood massive famines. The reach of the bureaucracy spans the entire subcontinent from where it effectively collects revenues, conducts the largest democratic elections in the world and through periodic census creates an immense pool of statistical data. Indian pharmacology, medicine and information processing skills have already attracted the attention of the world. . Its b asic public health infrastructure (laboratories, clinics etc) has been successful at carrying out complicated development programs requiring a high level of coordination and outreach-such as increasing agricultural production

Electroconvulsive Therapy for Severe Depression: Evaluation

Electroconvulsive Therapy for Severe Depression: Evaluation Can electroconvulsive therapy make a meaningful contribution in the treatment of Severe depressive illness? The work of mental health nurses. Contents Abstract Introduction Methodology of the review Critical Review of the literature The place of electroconvulsive therapy in the therapeutic armamentarium The place of electroconvulsive therapy in relapse prevention Mechanism of action Preference of site of stimulation Side effects of treatment Discussion Conclusions Appendix References Abstract This dissertation seeks to explore the evidence base for electroconvulsive therapy. It does so by considering the historical background to the procedure and its evolution to the present. It considers the professional and legislative guidelines which govern its use and contrasts the regulations in the UK with those in other cultures, notably the USA. In order to assist the exploration, the literature review is subdivided into five sections, each exploring a different area of interest. Electroconvulsive therapy is placed within a therapeutic spectrum of treatment for patients with major depressive illness and psychosis and is compared with other modalities of treatment. Its use in both acute treatment and its role in disease prevention and relapse is discussed. Current hypotheses of its possible mode of action are explored, and conclusions drawn about the strength of the evidence base in this area. There appears to be considerable discussion about the site of optimal stimulation for electroconvulsive therapy. This area is discussed in depth with a critical analysis of the studies which inform the evidence base in this area. The literature review concludes with an examination of the various side effects of the treatment. There is an element of discussion of the evidence and conclusions are drawn from the evidence extrapolated and presented. The whole dissertation is fully referenced. Introduction Electroconvulsive therapy was introduced into clinical practice in the late 1930s and rapidly gained a place in the standard treatment of major depressive illness. It was originated by the Hungarian, Dr Meduna, who mistakenly believed that schizophrenia and epilepsy were mutually exclusive conditions. He argued that epilepsy was never seen in schitzophrenic patients and therefore artificially inducing fits (epilepsy) in patients would cure schizophrenia. (Mowbray R M 1959). The effects on schitzophrenia were soon recognised to be minor and the most marked effect appeared to be in the patients with major depressive illness. The advent of effective classes of antidepressant, antipsychotic and mood stabilising drugs has seen a marked decline in the use of electroconvulsive therapy, but recent figures suggest that it is still used in over 10,000 cases per year in the UK (ECT Survey 2003). Currently the main use of electroconvulsive therapy is in major depressive illness although it also is considered still to have a place in the treatment of schizophrenia and some other mood disorders (UK ECT 2003), psychosis (Corrible E et al. 2004), and overt suicidal intent (Kellner C H et al. 2005). The Mental Health Act of 1983 allowed Psychiatrists to give electroconvulsive therapy to inpatients without consent if they were sectioned. This should be contrasted to the situation after the 1959 Mental Health Act, where psychiatrists had no clear guidance and a number of litigation cases forced a change in legislation. (Duffett R et al. 1998) The procedure itself involves anaesthetising the patient with a general anaesthetic and a muscle relaxant and the a small, brief pulse current (typically about 800 milliamperes) is passed between two electrodes applied directly to the scalp. This generates a seizure and there are a number of demonstrable biochemical changes in the brain after the event. (Nobler M S et al. 2001) Electroconvulsive therapy is usually given as a course over several weeks. The evidence base for length of time of treatment is not strong and appears to vary considerably between authorities. (Lisanby S H 2007) In 2003 NICE investigated the evidence base for electroconvulsive therapy and issued guidelines which suggested that it should only be used only to achieve rapid and short-term improvement of severe symptoms after an adequate trial of treatment options has proven ineffective and/or when the condition is considered to be potentially life-threatening in individuals with severe depressive illness, catatonia or a prolonged manic episode. (NICE 2003) One of the most extensive recent reviews on electroconvulsive therapy concluded that it had been demonstrated to be effective short term treatment for depressive illness in otherwise healthy adults. Many studies were cited and had shown it to have a greater effect than drug treatment. The authors noted shortcomings in many of the trials cited, especially in areas such as drug resistant depressive illness where electroconvulsive therapy is believed to be particularly helpful. (UK ECT Review Group 2003) One of the major side effects of electroconvulsive therapy is short and long term memory loss cited in many trials and studies (viz Gupta N 2001) Methodology of the review Cormack suggests that â€Å"Ultimately all good research is guided by and founded on a critical review of all of the relevant literature published on the subject.† (Cormack, D. 2000). It is therefore important not only to define what is currently believed about a subject, but also to place this in a historical context. This is particularly important in the field of electroconvulsive therapy, as the introduction to this dissertation has suggested, with great fluctuations in both understanding and application of this type of therapy over the years. One of the prime reasons for conducting a literature review is to establish the current evidence base for a particular subject. A critical review of the literature must be preceded by a careful literature search. It is often believed that searching the literature is a linear or â€Å"single episode† process. Current thinking suggests that this is seldom an optimal strategy. Bowling advises that a good literature review is â€Å"primarily a cyclical recursive process that mirrors the thinking and research process, where the discovery of new information results in new ideas, new knowledge and possibly new understanding. Once an overview, or initial opinion has been formed, it then becomes possible to revisit the initial reviews from a more informed perspective which, in turn, allows for a more perceptive interpretation of the data. (Bowling A 2002). The methodology used in this particular review was to allow for an initial period of reflection on the subject matter and to consult a small number of reference books to achieve an overview of the area. (Taylor, E. 2000). References were noted and some followed up in order to ascertain the main themes of the review. Once these were established, then methodical searches of a number of databases were carried out utilising the facilities of the local University library, the Post-graduate library (Client to personalise here) and a number of on-line search engines and literary sources including Cochrane, Cinhal, Ovid, BMJ and Lancet archives, Royal College of Psychiatrists archive and various NICE publications. Papers were accessed in both hard back and electronic forms. (Fink A 1998) Search terms included electroconvulsive therapy; evidence base; evolution; history; schizophrenia; psychosis; major depressive illness; mental health nurse; antidepressant drugs; Mental Health Act; psychiatrist. These terms were used in various combinations to sift papers with varying degrees of relevance to the topic under consideration. (Carr LT 1994) Inclusion criteria were papers less than 10 years old (unless there were specific reasons for older paper inclusion). UK sources were preferred to other ones. It should be noted that a substantial proportion of the body of literature on the subject of electroconvulsive therapy is American based. A number of authorities have suggested that this may be because the USA currently uses electroconvulsive therapy more frequently than the UK and therefore has a greater experience with it. Papers were only considered from peer reviewed sources unless making a historical point. (Bell J 1999). Each paper considered was then ranked according to its evidential value (See Appendix 1) and the highest value paper was presented for each point to be made. Critical Review of the literature The place of electroconvulsive therapy in the therapeutic armamentarium A good place to start this literature review is with the Olfsen paper. (Olfson M et al. 1998). This is an authoritative overview of the place of electroconvulsive therapy in the treatment spectrum. It has to be noted that this paper is already 10 years old and reflects clinical patterns of usage in the USA. The reason that this paper is selected for discussion is primarily on the vast size of its study cohort, which is 6.5 million patient contacts (249,600 with a diagnosis of depressive illness) spread over mainland USA. Critical analysis of the paper suggests that the authors reveal their viewpoint in the first few sentences of the paper and therefore the opinion part of the review must be understood on the basis that the authors consider electroconvulsive therapy a â€Å"safe and effective treatment for patients with all subtypes of major depression† citing the authority of the APA for this statement (APA 1997) The paper suggests that there is a strong evidence base to confirm that electroconvulsive therapy is at least as effective as antidepressant drugs pharmaceuticals for the treatment of major depressive illness. (Weiner R D 2004) The authors make the point that despite this general belief, electroconvulsive therapy is not as widely used as it should be due to three major misconceptions namely public concern about the safety of the procedure, reactive regulations and guidelines and the belief that it is not cost-effective. They then set about addressing each of these concerns Rather worryingly, the authors cite evidence of safety with the unqualified comment that â€Å"None of the depressed patients who received ECT died during the hospitalisation. In contrast, 30 (0.14%) of the depressed patients who did not receive ECT died in the hospital. (Schulz K F et al. 1995) Although this may well be the case, it is entirely possible that patients who were ill with other comorbidities (and therefore at greater risk of death) were not offered electroconvulsive therapy, as it required a general anaesthetic. One cannot jump to the implied conclusion that these figures suggest that electroconvulsive therapy is therefore intrinsically safe. (Mohammed, D et al. 2003) The authors draw a number of conclusions, perhaps the most significant of which is that current practice tends to reserve electroconvulsive therapy for the elderly, and those with comorbidities such as schizophrenia, dementia, and general medical (nonpsychiatric) disorders. They also comment that prompt use of electroconvulsive therapy is associated with shorter in patient stays and, by definition, more rapid resolution of the depressive state. Despite these findings, there is a large body of literature documenting the fact that many patients with major depressive illness remain largely unresponsive to therapeutic intervention. With this in mind one should consider the contribution of the Spanish research group under Gonzalez-Pinto who published a trial of a small group of patients (13) who had proved resistant to both venlafaxine and electroconvulsive therapy separately but who responded to both measures when used in a combined fashion. (Gonzalez-Pinto A et al. 2002). This was a non-randomised non-controlled trial and therefore constitutes evidence value at level III. Curiously the response was not proportional to the dose of venlafaxine used. The authors however, report the rather worrying side effect of asystole in 3 of the 13 patients immediately after the electroconvulsive therapy. A number of authorities suggest that there is a definite place for electroconvulsive therapy in the severely depressed patient who is a suicidal risk. The Kellner paper addresses this suggestion directly. (Kellner C H et al. 2005). Suicide remains one of the major associations of major depressive illness and carries a 15% lifetime risk for any patient who has been hospitalised with the same. (Bostwick J M et al. 2000) with symptoms such as profound hopelessness, hypochondriacal ruminations or delusions, and thoughts of suicide or self-harm during depression predict future suicide. (Schneider B et al. 2001). The Kellner study was a randomised crossover comparative follow-up trial making it evidence value of level 1b. There are a great many result strands from this study, but if one specifically considers the suicidal elements, then one can state that the study showed that of the 444 patients enrolled in the trial as having major depressive illness, 26% had suicidal ideation at a level of 3 or greater on the Hamilton rating scale (the measurement tool used in the trial) and 3% achieving a score of 4 (actual suicidal attempt). This group had a reduction of their scores to 0 in over 80% within the two week course of the electroconvulsive therapy. It was also reported that in the group who scored 4, 100% dropped to 0 by the end of the treatment. Despite there impressive figures for short term remission, one would have to note that the trial did not have any significant long term follow-up and there is no information on the rate of relapse after the initial treatment. (Rosenthal R. 1994). The authors state that they were aware of two successful suicide attempts which occurred whilst the trial was running (but after these patients had completed their treatment. The authors suggest that electroconvulsive therapy should be used early in the treatment regime once a diagnosis of suicidal risk has been made. To provide a balanced argument on the place of electroconvulsive therapy in the spectrum of treatment, one can consider the recent paper by Eranti (Eranti S et al. 2007) who tested out the hypothesis that has recently been published, that Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is as effective as electroconvulsive therapy but does not have the same side effect profile that restricts the use of electroconvulsive therapy in some patients. (viz. Gershon A A et al. 2003 and Loo C K et al. 2005) This trial was a randomised, blinded comparative trial with a substantial entry cohort (260 patients) being followed up for 6 months after treatment giving it a level 1b significance. (Clifford C 1997). There were a number of possible outcome measures studied but, of relevance to our considerations in this dissertation, one can state that the authors found that Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) was not as effective as electroconvulsive therapy in the treatment of depressive illness both at the end of the treatment period and at the end of the 6 month study. The authors were able to comment however, that the rTMS was virtually free of demonstrable side effects. The place of electroconvulsive therapy in relapse prevention It is fair to comment that a brief examination of the literature shows virtually no good quality published material on this topic with the studies that have been done comprising individual case reports (viz Kramer B A 1990), naturalistic studies and small studies of retrospective cases (viz. Schwarz T et al. 1995), none of which have any control element and all of which are evidence level IV at best. A notable exception is Keller et al. who made a large UK based study of relapse prevention in major depressive illness with a randomised controlled trial over a seven year period involving over 500 patients. (Kellner C H et al. 2006). The trial is a level 1b evidence level trial and is of a particularly robust structure with great efforts made to achieve standardisation. (Denscombe, M 2002). The structure is a direct comparison between electroconvulsive therapy and a standard pharmacological regime (lithium carbonate plus nortriptyline hydrochloride). Both were given as a therapeutic course (the medication over a six month period) and the patients were followed up with DSM-IV assessments to determine their degree of relapse The analysis is long and complex but, in essence, the study clearly demonstrated that both groups had better results than a placebo control with similar percentages (about 33%) suffering a relapse and about 46% remaining disease free. The trial suffered from having a large group (about 20%) failing to complete the trial protocol. (Rosenthal R. 1994). This study does however, provide firm evidence that electroconvulsive therapy is at least as effective as pharmacological measures in reducing the likelihood of clinical relapse. Further evidence for longer term efficacy comes from the Gagnà © study (Gagnà © G G et al. 2000), which starts by acknowledging the fact that depressive illness tends to be a long term disability with long term pharmacological intervention a comparatively normal treatment strategy. The authors make a subtle distinction between continuance therapy (which is starting a new course of treatment after initial resolution and then relapse) and maintenance therapy which extends beyond the continuation therapy stage and is aimed at preventing relapse. This paper is noteworthy because, as the authors point out, there is general acceptance by healthcare professionals that long term maintenance therapy with pharmaceuticals is both rational and indicated in patients with a high likelihood of relapse of depressive illness. Treatment with continuation electroconvulsive therapy has failed to gain general acceptance. The authors argue that such an approach is particularly rational, at least in a group of patients who have demonstrated their ability to respond to electroconvulsive therapy in the past, are at high risk of relapse and who may be refractory to pharmacological intervention. The Gagnà © study is a retrospective case-controlled comparative study comparing the long term course of electroconvulsive therapy plus pharmacological maintenance therapy with long-term antidepressant treatment alone in a demographically matched group. The two groups comprised 60 patients. The maintainence electroconvulsive therapy group received the electroconvulsive therapy as a single treatment monthly after the normal intensive treatment course for the acute episode. It has to be noted that this regime is comparatively arbitrary as there appears to be no preceding published evidence base to support it. The results from this study are nonetheless quite impressive. Both groups are reported to have responded to treatment, but the group who were also maintained with follow up electroconvulsive therapy did markedly better in terms of resistance to relapse being almost doubled at two years (93% vs. 52%), and quadrupled at five years (73% vs. 18%). This result could also be expressed as a doubling of the mean time to relapse in the electroconvulsive therapy group (6.9 years versus 2.7 years for the antidepressant-alone group). A major criticism of this study would have to be a lack of standardisation of treatment in the electroconvulsive therapy group with some patients receiving univocal and others bipolar electroconvulsive therapy. The number and duration of each was left â€Å"to the clinical judgement† of the responsible clinician. This does not reduce the impact of the overall finding, but does make for difficulties in comparison with any other trials which might follow. (Berlin J A et al. 1999) A critical analysis of the study would also have to conclude that the study suffered from a comparatively small number of patients with assignments to the comparison groups not being random. More importantly, the trial assessor was not blinded to the patients group assignment. These factors make it difficult to confidently assign an evidence level to this trial. (Denzin, N K et al. 2000) The authors conclude their study with the comment that a larger, prospective study on the subject is currently underway. One should perhaps regard the results of this study as interesting, but not proven. In assessing the validity of this paper, one should note comments that it has generated in the peer reviewed press. Gupta makes a number of valid points of criticism (Gupta N. 2001), arguably the most important of which is that the study did not make any measurement of the well recognised effect on memory function that short term electroconvulsive therapy is known to have. (Isenberg K E et al. 2001). Gupta suggests that clinical effectiveness must be assessed only after a risk-benefit ratio has been properly determined. Certainly a valid point and one that was not addressed in the original paper. Mechanism of action A number of papers have been published reporting biochemical changes after electroconvulsive therapy. There seems to be a general agreement that depressive illness is associated with a disturbance in the monoaminergic-cholinergic balance within the cerebral cortex. (Schatzberg A F et al. 2005). A novel and significant advance was published in 1998 by Avissar (Avissar S et al. 1998) when a correlation with G-protein levels in leucocytes was found and was discovered to be significantly reduced in depressive illness. The significance of this paper was that the authors found that electroconvulsive therapy resulted in a normalisation of the G-proteins level which preceded (by about a week), and thus predicted, clinical improvement. Patients who did not respond to electroconvulsive therapy did not show a change in G-protein levels. The significance of this finding is enhanced with the knowledge that lithium is also known to alter G-protein levels (Schreiber G et al. 2000), as are some other treatments for bipolar disorder. (Young L T et al. 2003). It is also known the G-protein levels are raised in manic states thereby suggesting that it is a marker for affective mood states. (Schreiber G et al. 2001) Further evidence of altered metabolism comes from the Nobler study (Nobler M S et al. 2001). This study used Positron emission tomography (PET) to study glucose metabolism in different brain areas. It has to be noted that this was a small study of 10 patients who were assessed before and after a course of electroconvulsive therapy. This study involved highly sophisticated measurements and concluded that certain areas of the brain showed marked reduction in metabolic rate after electroconvulsive therapy and these changes were most significant in the frontal, prefrontal, and parietal cortices. The authors suggest that their results support the hypothesis that electroconvulsive therapy works by suppression of functional (non trophic) brain activity, most prominently in the prefrontal cortex. The authors comment that their findings are consistent with the earlier Drevets study which demonstrated a reduction in brain metabolism after successful treatment with antidepressant drugs. (Drevet s W C 1998) A more modern paper by Sanacora reported alterations in the GABA concentrations in plasma, and cortex after electroconvulsive therapy. (Sanacora G et al. 2003). It is known that patients with depressive illness have reduced levels of the neurotransmitter GABA. This study, again with a small entry cohort of 10 patients, assessed patients before and after electroconvulsive therapy. It was found that the levels of GABA increased with successive treatments. It was also found that the length of duration of the convulsions was proportional to the concentrations of GABA found in the cortex supporting the view that GABA decreases cortical excitability. It may also be significant that GABA concentrations have been found to increase after the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) treatment. (Sanacora G et al. 2002). These findings suggest that enhanced GABA activity may be central to any antidepressant activity Takano et al. have recently produced a yet more sophisticated study along the lines of the Nobler investigation. (Takano H et al. 2007). This study also uses positron emission tomography (PET) and it studied patients before, during and after the application of electroconvulsive therapy. This is essentially a technical rather than a clinical study. It also has to be noted that all the data was derived from only six patients. The majority of the results are therefore not relevant to this consideration other than the fact that the authors concluded that electroconvulsive therapy exerts its effect by increasing the post treatment blood supply to the anterior cingulate and medial frontal cortex and thalamus. They refine this comment by acknowledging that it cannot be stated that this observed phenomenon is cause or effect, but simply an association with the mechanism of treatment and is associated with a resolution of symptoms. Preference of site and nature of stimulation There is a great deal of discussion in the peer reviewed literature about the optimal sites for electroconvulsive therapy application and whether univocal or bipolar stimulation gives better results. Unfortunately the vast majority of it is anecdotal and of poor evidential value. The Bailine study is a notable exception providing a randomised comparative trial with a moderate size of entry cohort (60) making it a level 1b trial. (Bailine S H et al. 2000). The authors compared the efficacy of bitemporal stimulation with bifrontal stimulation over a treatment period of 12 treatments. The study was assessor blinded. The rationale behind the trial was that bifrontal stimulation avoids direct stimulation of the temporal areas which are directly involved with cognition and memory functions. The authors reported that they found both placements to be equally effective in their ability to relieve depressive illness, but the bifrontal positioning achieved statistical significance in reducing cognitive and memory effects. Although not directly tested, the authors comment that right sided unilateral frontal placement has fewer cognitive side effects than bilateral stimulation but needs 2 5 times the current to achieve its therapeutic effect. (citing Letemendia F J J et al. 1993) One area of difficulty which, even a brief overview of the subject illuminates, is the level of stimulus that is required to achieve therapeutic results. Some studies do not specify the level of stimulus, others simply refer to a supra-threshold stimulus, a third group refer to a â€Å"titration of stimulusâ€Å". This makes direct comparison of results difficult. Some authorities have made the comment that not standardising the level of stimulus applied is similar to conducting a comparative trial of antidepressant drugs to placebo when the drugs are given at a sub-optimal dosage and therefore not achieving their maximal therapeutic effect. Krystal has attempted to tackle this problem by reviewing the regulations governing the administration of electroconvulsive therapy and also trying to achieve a generally acceptable standard of treatment. (Krystal A D et al. 2000) The USA limits (by statute) the maximum output charge for clinical applications of electroconvulsive therapy to 576 millicoulombs. The equivalent restriction in the UK is 1,200 millicoulombs for electroconvulsive therapy devices and this has been determined by the Royal College of Psychiatrists, and this limit is more than double the limit allowed in the USA. As far as the USA is concerned there is no evidence base to ensure that this limit will allow for consistently effective electroconvulsive therapy, which is something of a paradox considering that the USA considers electroconvulsive therapy more mainstream than does the UK. Krystal published a retrospective study of nearly 500 patients who had received electroconvulsive therapy. Although most of the patients reviewed had a clinically successful treatment, the authors noted that 15% of patients required the maximum stimulus intensity to trigger a seizure and 5% of the total did not have a seizure at all. The authors comment that the clinicians responsible for the patient had to use enhancing strategies to boost the therapeutic response with caffeine, ketamine, or hyperventilation. This still left a residual 5% of patients with a sub-therapeutic response at the maximum permitted output charge. Further problems can be encountered as not only can patients vary with regard to the amount of charge that they need to trigger tonic-clonic seizures, but the amount of charge can vary as the course of treatment progresses in each individual patient. (Coffey C E et al. 2005) The difficulty that therefore arises in these non-responders, is that there is no greater therapeutic response than placebo if a tonic-clonic seizure is not triggered, but the effects on cognition and memory impairment are still present. (PECT 2000). If this is added to the clinical and economic costs, it is clear that a case can be made for higher limits of initial triggering charge, at least in the USA. The other factor which may also be relevant and can be a major cause of inconsistency between studies is the pulse width with some electroconvulsive therapy machines delivering a shorter pulse width and longer stimulus duration than others. The majority deliver a pulse width between 0.5–0.75 msec. but other machines are capable of delivering pulse widths considerably beyond these limits. There has been no definitive study which has considered the possible effect of pulse width on either the therapeutic response or the likelihood of triggering a tonic-clonic seizure. The final point made in the Krystal paper is the fact that one of the reasons that the charge limit was set at the level that it is was the fact that the authorities wanted to minimise the theoretical risk of neuropathological damage. There is now evidence that the levels of stimulus charge necessary to cause such damage is far in excess of the imposed limits. (viz. Weiner R D 1994 and Devanand D P et al. 2004) The concept of stimulus titration is referred to in many of the clinically based papers reviewed. If this concept is considered in parallel with the comments by Krystal relating to the variation of charge required to produce the seizure, the situation can be clarified in an monograph by MacEwan who advises that it is an important feature of the treatment to allow sufficient time between the initial unsuccessful shock and the attempt at restimulation as the effect of the comparative refractivity after the first shock takes a little time to wear off. (MacEwan T 2002) Side effects of treatment Considering the rather gross and intrusive physical nature of the treatment, it is quite remarkable that the literature shows very few studies which have specifically explor

Finding Self Essay -- essays papers

Finding Self I realize that the whole universe is at my fingertips, as is my willingness to manifest what is needed in my reality. Every experience of life is God teaching me. As I look in this pure state of awareness, I feel this pure energy within my whole body. From the rhythm of my breathing, I feel a quiet state of attunement — one with God. My soul incarnated into a specific form on earth for a unique purpose. My journey is now and exists at this moment, whether I want to realize it or not. Knowing my life’s purpose and acting on it will give me direction and is a necessary step in achieving true happiness. To have this deeper experience requires the ability to have conscious awareness of Soul, or Higher Self. I find my life runs much more smoothly when I let the Universe run itself without any interference from me. As a matter of fact, the less my brain does its "stuff'', the more fulfilling my life becomes...hence more enriched. This above all: to thine own self be true, and it must follow the night and day, â€Å"Thou canst not then be false to any man.† â€Å"But I tell you to love your enemies and pray for anyone who mistreats you.†(Matthew 5:44) Humans are not all alike, one will hate you and the other will love you. The difference in moods is the reason why humans are who they are. The knowledge that everyone is different in some way, will lead to one giant leap on my journey. Loving thy neighbor no matter what, as stated in the Ten Commandments, will enrich my spiritual progression. Not being familiar with my actual role in this Universe at this stage of my existence is at times very frustrating and often very far-fetched. Nothing happens by chance. We are a part of a universe that is forever giving us... ...nnection. Balance, harmony, and compassion are the natural state of my innermost self. Since spirituality is an experience, the degree to which I reflect the qualities of balance, harmony and compassion in my everyday moment-to-moment experience will support my connection to God. These problems are made visible in the two opposite notions of the loss of the self, or alternatively, the absorption with the self, both of which impoverish our sense of self. I will argue against the notion of the self as one that is constantly changing to meet the demands of the competing voices surrounding it. Rather, I will not argue that I must find a vantage point from which to view the world and create a sense of self that persists through time. I cannot be, â€Å"populated with the character of others.† Being a â€Å"self† must mean more than being an image, wearing a mask, or playing a role.

Global Crime Analysis Essay

Every single day, in every location of the world, there is crime going on. Crime does not only happen in one specific area, for that reason it is an issue all across the map. There are various major global crimes and criminal issues that have a global impact on national and international justice systems and processes that every individual should be knowledgeable about. Comparing and contrasting the various international criminal justice systems and how these major global crimes and criminal issues are addressed only helps individuals understand every justice system all around the globe. The justice system, in every country, is drastically impacted on a regular because of the many global crimes and criminal issue occurring. Drug trafficking, fraud, smuggling, extortion, terrorism, money laundering, gangs, briber, and cyber crime are just some examples of global crimes that are seen in this world. Although all global crimes are serious and cause issues the global drug trade is one that is an ongoing and is currently a multi-billion dollar industry. Every day, all around the world drugs are being made, but it is only in certain countries that large quantities of drug trades are made. Specific drugs are mainly found within only certain countries but as for Marijuana it can be produced worldwide. Marijuana is a drug that is easily produces so it comes to no surprise that it can be obtained worldwide. On the other hand individuals will find that different drugs are found in different areas of the world. For drug buyer is looking to buy opium poppies used to produce heroin, Myanmar, the Golden Triangle Burma, Thailand and Laos, Pakistan, Iran, and the Golden Crescent Afghanistan would be the places of interest for the buyer. On the other hand when it comes to the drug cocaine, South America would be the buyer’s place of interest. As can be seen these drugs all are produced within third world countries reason being the production of these drugs helps these countries economies by bring more money whether it be illegally or not. This is where a conflict comes in, with each country having different points of views on drug trade it is hard to enforce drug laws if all countries are not eye to eye. In order to improve the overall effectiveness of strategies the law enforcement’s from other countries needs to work together to try and come up with strategies and ways to take down the drug trade. The political and social structure has a major effect on the widespread of certain crime. Each country being diverse makes this vary from country to country. â€Å"For example, in middle-income and developing countries, homicide is far more prevalent compared to nations with higher incomes† (Shaw, et al, 2004). Research reveals that nations that have high rates of homicide tend to be accompanied by social and political unrest, where crime organizations tend to run the country more than the politicians† (Shaw, et al, 2004). â€Å"On the other hand, there has been a dramatic decline in the rates of robbery among nations included in North America compared to other nations of the world† (Shaw, et al, 2004). Within the criminal justice system another thing that varies from country to country is the way criminals are tried and detained. This difference seen is based on the different social and political structures that are made for each country. Research has revealed that most nations follow a civil law system, which is typically based on Roman law structures, in which a person can be punished as soon as a sufficient amount of evidence proves that a person is guilty of a crime† (O’Connor, 2011). â€Å"This varies from the common law systems, where innocence is assumed prior to proving that a person is guilty of a crime† (O’Connor, 2011). â€Å"More common in nations, such as Iraq, Afghanistan, and Iran, the Islamic law system is directly based on the Koran, which is often interpreted as a harsher law system compared to other law systems utilized by other nations† (O’Connor, 2011). In most cases the law system that is being used within the country is one that reflects on the beliefs and standards of that particular county. Overall, this helps individuals of a certain country understand what exactly would be considered a crime within his or her country. When looking at countries one by one a difference can be established. One example is â€Å"seven of the eight nations that are included in the group of Caribbean nations have been affected by colonial rule for centuries† (United Nations Programme Development, 2012). This colonial rule has caused their criminal justice system to be based on British common law, as well as national statutory laws† (United Nations Programme Development, 2012). â€Å"Their courts are also structured in a manner that is similar to British courts, where there is a magistrate court, a high court, as well as a court of appeals† (United Nations Programme Development, 2012). Although all individuals tried in court receive a fair trial, juries are normally only used in serious criminal trials. This is without a doubt different from the United States justice system, where there are few cases ever tried where a jury was not involved. Research has revealed that the rates of attrition, or the rates in which a criminal is obtained and tried for the crimes in which they are accused of committing, differ with the status of the nation† (Shaw, et al, 2004). This meaning that nations that are more developed tend to have higher rates of attrition and nations that are still developing nations have lower attritions rates. The correctional system is another part of the criminal justice system that varies from country to country. Although many countries correctional systems are somewhat similar to the one in the United States, they all vary from place to place. In Jamaica, law enforcement depends on the probation system in order to rehabilitate criminals who pass through their punitive system† (United Nations Programme Development, 2012). Within other nations that are included in Caribbean nations both probation and parole are commonly used to rehabilitate criminals (United Nations Programme Development, 2012). On the other hand research shows that nations with little crime such as Switzerland, have little crime is because there are wealth of social institutions that help to ensure that each citizen is well provided for (O’Connor, 2011). Crime is going to continue to occur every day, no matter the location of the world. The various major global crimes and criminal issues that have a global impact on national and international justice systems and processes will continue to impact each and every country unless a pact is made. No two countries are the same and for that reason no two criminal justice systems will ever be in agreement, but becoming aware of these differences will only helps individuals understand every justice system all around the globe whether it be the United States or China.

Amphoteric Definition and Examples

Amphoteric Definition and Examples An amphoteric substance is one that can act as either an acid or a base, depending on the medium. The word comes from the Greek amphoteros  or amphoteroi, meaning each or both of two and, essentially, either acid or alkaline. Amphiprotic molecules are a type of amphoteric species that either donates or accepts a proton (H), depending on the conditions. Not all amphoteric molecules are amphiprotic. For example, ZnO acts as a Lewis acid, which can accept an electron pair from OH but cannot donate a proton. Ampholytes are amphoteric molecules that exist primarily as zwitterions over a given pH range and have both acidic groups and basic groups. Here are some examples of amphoterism: Metal oxides or hydroxides are amphoteric. Whether a metal compound acts as an acid or a base depends on the oxide oxidation state.Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is an acid in water but is amphoteric in superacids.Amphiprotic molecules, such as amino acids and proteins, are amphoteric.

Improvement in Race Relations essays

Improvement in Race Relations essays Race relations in the United States are much better now than they were when Toni Morrison wrote A Slow Walk of Trees 25 years ago. The United States prides itself in being considered the most diverse country in the planet. Living in Los Angeles, California, one of the biggest metropolitan cities in our country, I have the opportunity of seeing different races every day. Our cultural melting pot of a country has evolved so much from the mid-1970s, that interracial marriages, minority executives, celebrities and athletes are all now commonplace in our society. It is also not unheard of to see many minorities living in prominent neighborhoods.. There are still many racial stereotypes in our country. Some people, many of which are Caucasian, are still alienated when seeing a group of young African-American or Latino males. African-American and Latino minorities are still being pulled over by police officers for no particular reason, other than looking suspicious. Racial stereotypes are a result of many instances. One major cause of racial stereotypes in the African-American community is rap music. Rap artists such as Kurupt, Snoop Doggy Dogg, Nas, DMX, Master P and the late Christopher Wallace (Notorious B.I.G) often use lyrics riddled with incidents such as the dealing and use of narcotics, promiscuity, robbery and homicide. The large exposure of rap music, currently the number one selling music genre in our country, gives many people the impression that the majority of black people live that same exact dangerous lifestyle often glamorized by irresponsible rap artists. However, there are rap artists such as Talib Kweli, Mos Def, Outkast, The Roots, and Common Sense that write lyrics about the lack of racial unity in our country, oppression, and the disagreement of the rap style of the rappers who project criminal personalities. ...

Critically discuss the key concepts in Conduct that explain our agency Essay

Critically discuss the key concepts in Conduct that explain our agency in social worlds - Essay Example In these social interactions, we usually have the concept of â€Å"conduct† wherein we do activities in a manner that is acceptable to the surrounding environment where we are and these activities should be understandable considering the individuals who will be affected by the action. â€Å"Conduct† is greatly influenced by agency. In this paper, we will critically discuss the key concepts in conduct that explain our agency in social worlds. Agency, in the social sciences, refers to the capacity of individuals to act independently and to make their own free choices. For example, given a situation wherein there is a rape victim and a doctor. A decision of the doctor is needed whether the raped victim is allowed to have an abortion or not. We all know that abortion is not universally accepted because of difference in the concept of morality. We must all consider that one's agency is one's independent capability or ability to act on one's will. Although independent, this a bility is greatly influenced by the cognitive belief structure of the individual. ... Disagreement on the extent of one's agency with others and even the society often causes conflict between parties. Conduct can be defined in many ways. The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) even has considered several definitions for the word â€Å"conduct†. It can refer to the action or manner of conducting, directing, managing or carrying on any actions or activities like business, performance, process and course. It is related to the ways in which an organization, social activity or process is assembles, carried out, managed and regulated. For example, the manner in which a speech for the declaration of independence of a colonized country is done. For this social activity to be successfully done, we should consider a lot of things. First of all, the person who will do the speech should be a reliable speaker. That person should be known as an advocate of freedom, since it is an independence speech. The content of the speech should be concise yet fruitful. Every word should hav e a great impact to its audience. In relation to this, the audience should also be taken into consideration. The speech should be appropriate to the audience or else it will only produce conflicts and the message of the speech would not be efficiently conveyed. Hence, there are many considerations to look into for a certain social activity to be â€Å"conducted†. The individual’s agency should also be considered whenever â€Å"conducting† a certain social activity or process. The agency should be suitable to the objective of the conduct. The word â€Å"conduct† can also be seen in the perspective of behavior wherein it refers as the manner of conducting oneself or one’s life usually with influence of moral quality.

What can coins excavated at a roman villa tell us about the site and Essay

What can coins excavated at a roman villa tell us about the site and it's wider context - Essay Example It takes a lot of effort to divine some of these social dealings by the use of numismatics. Besides archaeologists and academicians, other groups of people are also very interested in studying these coin finds in ancient Roman sites such as social scientists, numismatists, and economists who try to impute social contexts using these Roman coins as guides for their study. However, it is often the case where there is no standard way of how to properly and scientifically catalogue these finds and moreover, and also no set standard for their coinage analysis. Be that as it may, it is still possible to know how the people in a Roman villa had lived and in relation to the surrounding communities through the study of these archaeological coins. It just takes some time and lengthy effort for archaeologists and others interested in these sites to come up with their findings and conclusions based on a careful consideration of all the artifacts in an excavation site but admittedly, there are no set standards for doing this but rather only some set patterns which may be useful to make any comparable analyses with other similar sites. This paper examines and discusses how the coin assemblage can give some useful and pertinent ideas of the wider social context in which these people lived in relation with their neighbors. A case in point of how Roman coins determined the wider context of social living in an area surrounding an ancient Roman villa is the fairly recent excavations at the San Felice Villa, which is located in the Basentello River Valley of Italy that separated the ancient vicus (Roman word for neighborhood) of Apulia from Lucania. This site is a rich archaeological dig in terms of the old architectural remains (buildings and houses), artefactual assemblage, and environmental evidence within the site itself. Preliminary evidence suggests it was a part of a larger estate; it was important in fostering local and regional connections for the villa’s

Maintaining and Creating Digital Data Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Maintaining and Creating Digital Data - Essay Example The sharing of data could be identified in terms of technological and organizational data. Data sharing by an organization is the free utility of another entity’s data in the automated or manual form. On the other hand, technological sharing of data is the potential to have one data of an agency used by a different type of automated system. The current demand for a database that is shared has been justified due to the increased hurdles in the establishment of a nationwide system and policy that follows a shared policy database. The scenario may become difficult and complicated in a political and geographical situation that occurred in India. The increasing realization of the rewards of the toe shared database organizations and authorities in India have been paying increased attention towards this direction. The establishment of the national infrastructure spatial database for the country is one of the efforts. Qatar is one country that has set nationwide GIS within the country . This is known as the first nation that adopted a nationwide policy of GIS that has been a model for different enterprise in the entire world. In fact, the Qatar nationwide GIS and the lesson from the successful implementation motivated the development of the NSDI in   Qatar is a country that lies in the continent of the central Asian. The country lies on the Saudi Arabia eastern coast, next to the Arabian Gulf. It is a small country falling in the 26 10 and 24 27 latitudes north and the 51 40 and 50 45 longitudes East covering about a space of 11521kn squared. Qatar’s territorial waters extend approximately 51 nautical miles north and 95 nautical miles east of the Arabian Gulf. The country has about 533 thousand residents according to the census in 1997. This state is an independent state in Arab. It is a state that accepts the charter of the united nations that support the rights of all nations and peoples towards self-determination.

Comparing four or more poems Essay Example for Free

Comparing four or more poems Essay The world around you is full of relationships. Some good, some bad. A relationship can bring happiness and love whilst also bringing sadness and unpleasantness. Two people having emotional feeling for each other, sharing those feelings with comfort and pleasure, form a relationship. Many will say that a relationship is the best thing ever, whilst others may say its also the worst. When a relationship forms why does there always have to be a good and a bad part? One of the poems I have studied is this be the verse by Philip Larkin. It is about a child blaming everything that has happened to him on his parents. Larkin has expressed his feelings for a relationship by using the bitter and brutal word fuck. He chooses these choices of words to shock the readers and members of his family. When the poem was write in 1960 the word fuck would have been even more offensive than it is now. Ask yourself why call the poem this be the verse? Larkin uses the word be to get his point across on relationships. Using the word be makes his opinion a fixed thing. Larkins uses of language in this poem sets out the pessimistic image that your parents destroy you. You can tell that him and his parents have never really got along by the quote: they fuck you up your mum and dad. Larkin is applying that your parents mess you up when he states they may not mean to but they do. He also sets up the image of hatred by using the rhythm to bang in an effect of anger. The rhythm is bouncy and contracts with the message. Having said that it also depends on your mood when reading the poem. Larkin obviously had a disruptive childhood by the tone and the mood of his poem. Add some extra just for you. Larkin dents the ironic image by implying he is ashamed of his parents and their parents. The second verse sets up the impression that Larkin might have changed his mind about his parents as the first word is but. However I was wrong he carries on throughout the verse slagging off his parents and grandparents by saying by fools in old style hats and coats. On verse three he still hasnt changed his mind about his distraught childhood and his hatred towards his parents. It deepens like a coastal shelf Larkin explains that his hurt and hatred built up and deepens more every time he got hurt. Larkin obviously cannot forget about this childhood and forgive his parents for the way he has turned out. He states get out as early as you can. Larkin gets the impression across the only way to stop you tuning out like you family is to kill yourself. This be the verse is a misanthropic poem. Does this mean that Philip Larkin agrees with Sartre, that hell is other people? My opinion towards this poem is that the poet, Philip Larkin is cruel and bitter towards his parents. He gives off the impression very clearly that he has no respect for his parents and grandparents what so ever. And it is very clear that he is not willing to forgive his parents for the way in which he has turned out. However his opinion is different than mine. I feel that the way you turn out has some effect on your parents. However most of it is up to you, by the way you choose to dot things and the way you choose to learn from your mistakes yourself. Another poem I have chosen to study is called the sick equation written by Brian Patten. What is a healthy equation? One that works, that provides an answer. Patten is implying that the sick equation is one that doesnt work. Signifying that his parents dont work well together. At the beginning of each poem this be the verse and the sick equation they both have a point of comparison. Both poets bring the image across that a relationship is a fixed and bad thing by Patten using absolute and Larkin using be. Are both poets establishing the same message? Pattens poem talks about the difference at home and school. In school I learned that one and one made two and could have been engraved in stone, an absolute I could not question or refute. Patten gives out the impression that at school everything has an answer however at home nothing adds up. He the goes on to use the ironic message but home sweet home he uses irony to get the message across that he doesnt care. I feel using irony has more of an impact that not using it. In the second verse Patten uses the strong word raw. He describes that he is feeling hurt and the hatred towards his parents has grown strongly. In that raw cocoon of parental hate. I came to believe how it was best that one remained one, for two, one at least would suffer so. Here Patten explains that for the best its better to keep yourself to yourself, as if you are to become committed at least one of you would hurt. He objects with his mum and dad being together as one of them is always hurting. In the second verse Patten is applying that he had love but let it go by the comment believing this I threw away so many gifts- I never let love stay enough to take to take root, but by thinking myself of too little worth I crushed all its messengers. His parents have let love go for him, they have spoiled love for him, the way his mum and dad acted towards each other impacted into Patten that love is not a good thing. He goes on to stay I grew-or did not grow-and kept my head down low, and drifted with the crowd. Even though he grew on the outside in height he still remained immature on the inside. I stayed apart, stayed one claiming separateness was out of choice, and at every wedding ceremony I saw the shadow albatross- divorce- fall over groom and bride. By saying this it implied that for some time that Patten never had the courage to have a full time relationship, as he was scared that the same might happen to him that happened to his parents. It feels that Patten sees a divorce at the beginning of a wedding. In the final verse Patten states that he cant blame his parents for the way he turned out. (Unlike Larkin) he explains to the reader that he cant judge everyone for the way they are or that way they have been brought up. He changes his opinion on his parents towards the end of the poem. Its absurd to believe all others are as damaged as we, the lesson that our parents taught he clearly feels he cannot blame his family for what had happened to him now and in the past. He can forgive and forget, unlike Larkin. Unlike Larkin, Patten chooses to only highlight the positive side of a relationship. Pattens choice of words hammer to message into the head that not all relationships are bad, just because he had a bad experience he learnt that you will always be able to love someone. The language he uses relates to his loneliness and hurt in his past. He expresses his hurtful past through his poetry. Another poem I looked at is looking for dad again by Brain Patten. You can guess what Patten is going to talk about before reading it for yourself. His dad. The poem is about a boy who thinks his dad has ran away because he hadnt tided his room, when really it was just another relationship ending disruptly. The poem is set out from the others, when you look at a poem the first thing you will notice is the fact is has verses. Looking for dad is all joint together without any verses.

Baal Of Desire :: essays research papers

Baal Of Desire   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On Thursday, November 7, I saw a performance of Baal, written by Bertolt Brecht and directed by Evan Parry. The play was not an emotional play, but an intellectual play. It caused the viewer to think about the existentialist nature of Brecht's writing and the underlying meaning of the play. Although I have studied existentialism and followed the play intently, I still could not fully understand what Brecht was trying to say through Baal. My interpretation is that Baal represents man and his desires and what those desires can lead to.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the beginning of the play, Baal is in good spirits and loved by all. He has doors open to him; he is asked to publish his poetry and sing his songs at a bar. Through the play, his life gradually becomes worse because he drinks too much and has many girlfriends. People start to dislike him and he loses his apartment. Then more and more people start to dislike him and he moves from job to job and location to location with nothing but Ekart to see him through. But then he realizes that he is finally in love - with Ekart, but she doesn't love him and makes it obvious by having other men and women in her life. So, Baal kills her since he can't have her for his own. By the end, Baal has nothing but himself to blame for his condition. His drinking problem and his problem of seducing every woman he meets drives him to his death, and causes everyone to repudiate him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The acting ranged from not-so-great to very good. The only problem was that since not all the actor's names were used, it was difficult to figure out who was who in most cases.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Baal, played by Robert Seay, was in the very good part of the spectrum. The amount of lined he had to memorize was great and he didn't stumble on them once. His emotion was clear throughout the play and his focus was obvious. The way he played drunk was great; his hair and shirt were disheveled, but he wasn't stumbling all over the place and slurring his words. He acted just like a drunk person trying his hardest to pretend to be sober. When he spoke you understood what he was feeling and saying because he spoke clearly, slowly and loudly which helps, but he also understood what he was saying, which helped the audience understand what he was feeling. At the end, when he was dying, the audience understood that he was dying alone, with nobody to help him through and that his

Jealousy in the book of Genesis Essay

The first book of the Pentateuch is rife with Jealousy. It seems a peculiar obsession of those writing in the Lord’s name. After all, such sins as murder, adultery and slothfulness seem so much more damaging to our communities and our selves. Why are the jade eyes of jealously given so much attention in the bible’s leadoff book, especially in the story of the second and third men, Cain and his brother Abel. I suspect that jealousy, being a universal human emotion, one which human beings so easily find themselves sinking into, and one which is so obviously coarse and negative, inspired the writers of the bible to bring attention to it’s dangers very early on in their text. Although the instances of jealousy found in the later narratives of Genesis, perhaps those of Noah and Abraham, present more nuanced and complex manifestations of this all too human frailty, the visceral nature of Cain’s crime and the ambiguity of his atonement must first be addressed, as well as the fundamental differences between jealousy among men and man’s jealousy of God. Cain is assigned to be the â€Å"tiller of the ground† (Genesis 4:2 – NKJV) in the garden of Eden. Abel, his younger brother, the second son of Adam and Eve, was given the more genteel task of tending to flocks of sheep. Both made offerings to the Lord, Cain in the form of the â€Å"fruit of the ground† (Genesis 4:3) and Abel â€Å"the firstborn of their flock and his fat† (Genesis 4:4) which God respected. However the next verse, 4:5, reveals that God did not respect Cain’s offering. Why? The Biblical writers, men knowing nothing at all of God’s motivations (not to mention his existence), don’t feel the need to indulge us with God’s motives or criteria for respecting an offering. We do know that he took unkindly to Cain’s â€Å"countenance†, which â€Å"fell† following his rejection. One could easily see how being rejected by God, who hints at some criteria when he says in 4:7 â€Å"If you do well, will you not be accepted? And if you do not do well, sin lies at your door. And its desire is for you, but you should rule over it. † Of course, in the very next verse, Cain, after a brief conversation with his brother of which we are told nothing about, kills Abel. Sin came to his door, in the form of jealousy toward his brother and he acted upon it in the most despicable way possible. The biblical writers are trying to dramatize an emotion and its consequences as effectively as possible. Did Cain feel that his offering was superior to his brothers and that he being unfairly judged by God? That God would not accept his offering, regardless of the quality of his fruit? Without more detail, it’s hard to erect any sort of value judgment, within the Christian Lexicon, on the matter of Cain and Abel. God seems a little overbearing and perhaps bears more than a small share of the guilt for Cain’s jealousy. If Cain had toiled that barren mid-eastern soil simply to praise God, rose day and night for his Lord’s glory, than was it perhaps a bit insensitive on the Lord’s part to reject him. Had Abel provoked Cain in any other way? What did they talk about that faithful day? In what language could they have spoken? As you can see, the first instance of jealousy in the Biblical text leaves more stones unturned and more questions unanswered than not. The story of Cain and Abel illuminates the first instance of intra-human jealousy. From the very beginning however, man was jealous of God. God creates man in his own image and makes him humble and stupid. Adam and Eve we’re simply to be in the Garden, lord of the Earth’s other creatures and stay out of God’s affairs, those that concern the moral and scientific complexities of the world. For as God puts it in Genesis 2:16-17, â€Å"Of every tree of the Garden you may freely eat; but of the tree of knowledge of good and evil you shall not eat, for in the day that you eat of it you shall surely die. † Later, after man as created Eve, verse 2:25 exclaims â€Å"And they were both naked, the man and his wife, and were not ashamed. † A surface reading suggests that man was meant for to remain in a pure, infantile state. Before man erected society, technology or democracy, man was designed to remain pure of the complexities of morality. Yet Adam and Eve, given the free will God had granted them and a base awareness of good and evil, ironically because of God’s edict to stay far away from the tree which allows one knowledge of such matters, had the ability to choose such knowledge, and with a little persuasion from the villainous serpent, they did. Surely the ways of God are mysterious, but why would he set up man with a series of bizarrely attractive ways to subvert his intentions for their well-being? Eve makes a series of evaluative judgments upon the fruit from the tree of knowledge of good and evil when she thinks to herself in verse 3:6 â€Å"So when the woman saw the tree was good for food, that it was pleasant to the eyes, and a tree desirable to make one wise, She took of the fruit and ate. She also gave to her husband, and he ate. † Was God setting up Adam and Eve for the fall when he created the tree in the first place? Hoew else to explain an omnipotent God who willfully creates beings who we’re, despite their naivete, are capable of learning and seeing the virtues of something which their creator had made arbitrarily off limits while simultaneously placing being in their midst whose whole obligation is to tempt them? Certainly the rest of the Biblical narrative depends on the jealousy inspired fall – without it, the rest of the story, which culminates with Jesus sacrificing himself for man’s sins and thus offering him redemption, several thousand year before the Earth is destroyed during Jesus’ rapturous return, could not have been constructed by the Biblical writers. Perhaps, if it is out their God wanted to fall. It is simply man’s innocent jealousy, of God’s wisdom and goodness and perhaps his power to arbitrarily, without fear of reprisal or retribution, horde power over his creations, which drove Eve to follow the serpent’s instructions. The instinct to want what others have is as old as man. Surely the omnipotent clockmaker deity that the early enlightenment era Europeans constructed out of King James’ text was aware of this opposition he was creating. It is, after all, just another part of God’s grand design. Bibliography The Holy Bible, New King James Version, Thomas Nelson Bibles, 1982.

Zero Tolerance

In the article Zero Tolerance by Gary Bauslaugh, he asserts the claim that the policy of zero tolerance is a really bad idea and we should not be fooled by it.   I would like to support Mr. Bauslaugh, but the evidence which he presents does not allow me to fully support his point.   He reaches this conclusion based on the following ideas, one – the policy of zero tolerance promotes the abandonment of logic and reason, and two – zero tolerance is not about protecting the public (justice), but making politicians look good.   Based on these two reasons, the conclusion he reaches can be justified.   If a public policy lacks reason and does not protect the public, then it is a bad idea. Mr. Bauslaugh asserts that the policy of zero tolerance is based on the emotional reaction of public officials to threats to public welfare.   He makes this claim in the following sentences: â€Å"The current trend for public officials to talk of â€Å"zero tolerance† has arisen because it seems to express public frustration with the lack of justice in the world. It seems to say â€Å"we are fed up and aren't going to take it anymore.†Ã¢â‚¬    Ã‚  If indeed, the policy of zero tolerance is based on the emotional reaction of public officials, the claim directly supports the premise that logic and reason have been abandoned. He presents the argument that there have been other cases of irrational behavior on the part of the public, to satisfy emotional responses.   Mr. Bauslaugh draws a comparison between the witch hunts of the 16th and 17th centuries to the policy of zero tolerance.   He cries out â€Å"Are we immune, in modern times, to such superstitious extremism and zealous intolerance?†Ã‚   This is not an argument he is making in support of any premise.   Rather, what he is doing in this passage is making an emotional appeal to the audience based on the collective memory of unfair persecutions and the taking of life, not based on logic. The use of words such as extremism and zealous and intolerance impart heavy emotional weight to his statement.   This type of argument must be closely watched.   First, he does support his point that there have been emotional reactions in the past.   Therefore, the conclusion that this type of reaction is human and possible to occur again is true.   However, the emotional charge he has added to his thesis creates rhetoric which is not necessary if the argument is good. The second case of irrational public policy and behavior Mr. Bauslaugh sites is the war on drugs, which has resulted in the imprisonment of many young people.   Mr. Bauslaugh claims that this is an emotional response to a societal problem, not ruled by reason.   However, Mr. Bauslaugh does acknowledge that there is some reason in the policy on drugs, as acknowledges that some of the people in prison are drug addicts. He takes this opportunity to insert his opinion as to the policy of the war on drugs.   He states that these people need rehabilitation care to recover from their addiction, not jail sentences.   However, these statements do not support his implied claim that the war on drugs is another example of an emotional response to a social problem.   Therefore, this example does not give another example of an irrational public policy. Mr. Bauslaugh also uses the case of suggested sexual abuse cases, where women had suddenly â€Å"recovered memory† during counseling sessions.   Based on the communities emotional responses, the accused people were persecuted, some put in prison, and some committing suicide.   He states that the actions taken by the public were not based on substantiated facts. In this case, most of these instances have been discredited.   This gives strength to his claim that the public can act out of emotional response, leaving logic and reason out of the decision-making.  Ã‚   At this point, in the article, Mr. Bauslaugh has presented 2 valid cases that show that the public has made policy in the past based on emotional response to a problem. Now we will move to the real discussion Mr. Bauslaugh would like to make, that of the case of the destruction of a herd of water buffalo at Fairburn Farms.   He uses this example to support both claims – that the policy of zero tolerance is based on emotional response and that the policy is in place only to help politicians look good in front of difficult social problems. He states that this case shows the policy of zero tolerance to be one of unmitigated justice, a device for thoughtless and indiscriminating application of the rules, and direct opposition to justice.   If this is true, he implies that the policy of zero tolerance is based on emotional response and not logic.   However, even when a public policy is shown to be unjust and applied indiscriminately, this does not mean the policy is based on emotional response. Since Mr. Bauslaugh sets out to prove the injustice of the zero tolerance policy, and not the emotional basis of the policy, his implication that the policy is based on emotions is not supported.   The additional cases he has gathered which show a lack of logic and reasoning do not ultimately support his case, because there is no connection from emotionally created policies to that of zero tolerance.   Therefore, the only proof for Mr., Bauslaugh’s case is that the zero tolerance policy is unreasonable and does not promote justice. Mr. Bauslaugh uses one case to depict the policy of zero tolerance.   In the case of Fairburn Farms and the Archers, Mr. Bauslaugh is able to prove that the application of the zero tolerance policy was unreasonable.   He shows the fault of the Inspection Agency’s logic on the following points.   One, the Archers imported water buffalo from Denmark.   There has never been a case of mad cow disease among any water buffalo population.   Two, one cow was found infected in Denmark with mad cow disease. Three, mad cow disease cannot be transmitted via cheese, and that was the intention of use for the water buffalo.  Ã‚   And four, the Australians have been using water buffalo from the same region of Denmark for making cheese, with no adverse effects.   The effects of the decision on the Archers also exceeded the bounds of justice.   The Archers are setback in pursuing their livelihood and have to slaughter all of the original buffalo. Mr. Bauslaugh is able to prove that in the case of Fairburn Farms, the policy of zero tolerance is unreasonable and unjust.   However, by using this one case he does not prove his overall points that the zero tolerance policy is based on emotional reaction and that in general, the zero tolerance policy is a bad policy.   If Mr. Bauslaugh were able to provide additional arguments to support his claim, I may be able to agree with him.   But, based only on the arguments he has presented to me, I do not see just cause to say the zero tolerance policy is bad public policy.      

Past Leaders essays

Past Leaders essays Sigmund Freuds life consisted of two things: himself and psychoanalysis. He was an extremely hard worker. Seeing several patients in a day, and then writing into the night, but he never seemed to have fun. He stood up for his work and defended it 100%. Freud had theories of repression, disturbances of sexual function, which he claimed to be neurotic, and infantile sexuality which he said all children are partly neurotic. He prided himself on always being right. He as well came up with the theory of the Id, Ego, and Super-ego, which were the three different parts of the human mind. Freud came to the conclusion of studying his childhood patients that many of the bad incidents that his patients recalled and that seemed to have caused their illnesses were sexual in nature. He established that the primary cause of neurosis was the sexuality of childhood. He also came up with transference which is when someone would enter a new situation in life or they are confronted by a new person, then they would project upon the other person the prejudices of their past and of their previous experiences with people. Freud came up with these main concepts of psychoanalysis as well as many more which are still used to this very day in that same field of study. He didnt create this subject of study; he just perfected it, and made it better. He is said to be the best psychoanalyst to ever live. He kept to himself, and people still dont know certain things about him even to this day. So yes to close, he did help the discovery of self, with his ideas of the id, ego, and supe r-ego, and the neurotic thoughts of the human mind. He made his field into what it is today. Nikolai Lenin grew up living better than the average bureaucrat. Both his father and his brother died within a year. His brother Alexander was killed because he was found to be plotting to assassinate Tsar Alexander III. Soon after his brothers death L...